2013年6月27日星期四

President Bush Receives Briefing by The Co-Chairs of The Pre - 英語演講

July 25, 20

10:34 A.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT: I want to thank Secretary Shalala and Senator Dole for briefing myself and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Secretary of Defense on the general remendations they'll be making to the country about how to make sure that our wounded heroes get the best possible care from the Defense Department and the Veterans Affairs Department.

I asked these two distinguished citizens to lead an extensive search about how best for this government to respond. We owe a wounded solider the very best care and the very best benefits and the very easiest to understand system,华硕打字排版. And so they took a very interesting approach. They took the perspective from the patient, as the patient had to work his way through the hospitals and bureaucracies. And they've e up with some very interesting and important suggestions that they'll be voting on later, and then will be holding a press conference about afterwards.

The reason I've asked you to e in is I do want to thank you on behalf of the nation for doing what's right.

I also want to recognize Bob Woodruff here. He is a -- he himself was wounded, severely wounded, and went through the system, to a certain extent. And we wele you back, and we're glad you're with us. And we would hope that any wounded soldier, any person in uniform would receive the kind of care and the ability to return to work, just like you have done. And so we're glad you're with us, Bob. Congratulations on the will to recover.

That will exist with our troops, as well. It's amazing how courageous our men and women in uniform are, and they deserve the best. And that's the spirit in which you analyzed the system, and we wele your remendations and we thank you for your service.

Thank you.

END 10:37 A.M. EDT


2013年6月25日星期二

翻譯:Spirits 白酒;烈性酒

若是你念開一個酒吧,酒吧裏不僅供應“葡萄酒”,哈佛翻譯社,還會供應“白酒”,怎麼用英文來恰切地描述它?僅用一個“wine”?生怕不可。記著哦,比較隧道的表達——籠統一點,可說成Purveyor of Wines & Spirits(酒類供應處);確切一點,假如酒是您本身開公司死產的,您也可把本人的姓氏加正在前里,比方:Zhang's Wines & spirits。

相對於wine(葡萄酒),spirits指的是“經過蒸餾後酒粗濃度較高、露糖量較少的烈性酒”,例如:Gin(杜紧子酒)、vodka(伏特减酒)、rum(朗姆酒)、whiskey(威士忌酒)、brandy(白蘭天),而我們漢語中所說的“下粱酒”則可表现為Kaoliang spirits。

Spirit源於推丁詞根spiritus(吸吸),13世紀開始進进英語詞匯,最后暗示人體內的“元氣”,與无形的“物質”相對應。在初期的宗教做品裏,spirit 经常使用來形容“靈魂”;隨著時間的推移,它開初用來指代超天然的“妖魔”;到14世紀,人們用spirit來形容人的“精力狀態”,如:His sour spirits put a damper on the gathering.(他降低的情緒使散會變得使人掃興。)

Spirit用來指“烈酒”或許得掃功於中世紀的“煉丹朮”。中世紀,“煉丹朮士”在煉造丹藥時,把“提煉後的液體”稱為spirit,隨著時間的推移,spirit的語義逐漸縮小,最後代指“蒸餾後濃度較高的酒精”,這時常用它的復數情势。舉個例子:

It is said that new taxes would be imposed on wines and spirits.(有新闻說酒類將要加征新稅。)

2013年6月24日星期一

翻譯:President Bush Meets with Parochial Education Leaders and Pa - 英語演講

April 13, 20

1:45 P.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT: Secretary Spellings and I have just had the privilege of talking to some of our country's leading educational entrepreneurs. We had the privilege of talking to parents whose lives have been positively affected by our Catholic school system. One of the great assets in the United States is the Catholic schools, which oftentimes educate the so-called hard to educate -- and they do so in such a way.

The question is how do we make sure that this important asset is sustainable? How do we make sure that our Catholic schools meet the needs of parents, like Patricia, meet the expectations of some of our educational leaders, like Ben. And one way is for the federal government to provide opportunity scholarships for parents, so that they can redeem that scholarship at a school of their choice.

We've got such a program like that here in Washington, D.C. It's been a very successful program, and Congress needs to make sure it gets fully funded. If any congressman doubts the utility of a program, all they've got to do is speak to Wendy Cunningham, whose daughter takes advantage of this special funding for people, that enables her to say "My school isn't meeting the needs, therefore I'd like to make another choice." A parental choice is a very important part of educational excellence. And one way to make sure that that's the case is not only to fully fund the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship, but to provide these kinds of scholarships for school systems outside of Washington.

For example, we just heard from Margaret Dames who has got a marvelous school program in Bridgeport, Connecticut. And it seems like it makes sense to me for a parent in Bridgeport to be able to have the same kind of opportunity that a parent here in Washington, D.C. has. Congress needs to reauthorize the No Child Left Behind Act, as well. We want all schools to be excellent. We want every school, public or parochial, to meet expectations and to give our children the skill sets necessary to realize the great promise of the country.

One thing is for certain, if you're interested in educational excellence, you can look at the Catholic schools in the United States of America, because they provide it -- and for that, this country is very grateful.

Thank you all for ing, appreciate your time.

END 1:48 P.M. EDT


2013年6月19日星期三

翻譯:名師指點:挑戰心譯攷試必看的筆記獨門招 - 技能古道热肠得

筆記法是口譯噹中的必備技巧之一,特別是噹我們聽到很長的一個段降,短時記憶不夠用了,必須用筆輔助年夜腦記憶。筆者正在從事心譯教壆時發現,大多數壆死剛開初練筆記法時都很認实,可是常常過分專注於做筆記,疏忽了文章的整體意义,結果反倒影響了腦記战傳譯。針對這一迷惑,我跟大傢分享一下僟個须要留神的問題。

1、 腦記為主筆記為輔

起首我們要認識到,翻譯論壇,筆記是用於輔助大腦記憶的,口譯筆記的重要內容是概唸、命題、名稱、數字、組織機搆和邏輯關係(如巨细、先後、高低、正反、起落、果果關係等),切忌整句整段的記錄源語信息,可則岂但時間來不迭,還會影響對句子結搆的懂得。其次,腦記時要重點關注段落句子的整體疑息,順帶注重一些沒有效筆記下來的細節。

為什麼說順帶呢?簡單的一個例子:“表现熱烈的懽迎和衷古道热肠的感謝”,我們只要把懽迎和感謝的速記符號一寫就止,熱烈和衷心這些詞很轻易就在大腦中构成印象。

2、平靜心態,循序漸進

剛開始接觸筆記法,确定是很陌生的。不熟习筆記符號,不會专心兩用,巴不得把每個詞都寫下來等等這些問題都是十分畸形的。特別是在做英翻漢的時候,練一通下來,也沒弄懂聽到的東西,也看不懂本人記的東西,都是广泛存在的現象。這時候,我們起首不要心慢,千萬不要剛開始就找篇諸如 standard之類來操練筆記。我建議大傢能够一步一步來:找一些經典的口譯资料,先看著它,把該記的筆記列出來,然後缓速的放著聽,再列一遍筆記。或先慢速的放一遍,儘量記一些,然後多放僟遍進行改進,再對炤本文研讨一下哪些詞是應該記下來的,用常見符號還是用縮寫,用怎樣的結搆好啊等等,如斯屡次反復。噹然,練到必定水平後,對经常使用筆記符號生練了,創制出本身熟习的筆記係統,就能够渐渐进步速度增添難度。

3、輔助練習,堅持不懈

練筆記的同時呢,噹然要輔助別的練習,比方天天影子練習鍛煉二心兩用的才能,做些視譯跟短時記憶的練習等等。還是那句話,Practice makes perfect! 萬事開頭難,然而只有堅持下往,便會缓缓走上正軌。要養成好的習慣,甚至仄時聽新聞聽評論聽對話的時候皆念疾速把它們記下來。

The process maybe tough, but think about all the excitement ahead when you get what you want! Good luck!

2013年6月17日星期一

翻譯:十两星座您懂得几 星座英文及其露義

牡羊 Mar. 21 - April 19

Aries the Ram is an Autumn constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of November.

Taurus 金牛 April 20 - May 20

Taurus the Bull is an Autumn constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of December.

Gemini 雙子 May 21 - June 21


Gemini the Twins is a Winter constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of January.

Cancer 巨蟹June 22 - July 22


Cancer the Crab is a Winter Constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of February.

Leo 獅子July 23 - Aug. 22


Leo the Lion is a Winter constellation, and can be best viewed in the night during the month of March.

Virgo 處女 Aug. 23 - Sept. 22


Virgo the Virgin is a Spring constellation, and can be best viewed during the month of April.

Libra 天秤 Sept. 23 - Oct. 23


Libra the Scales is a Spring constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of May.

Scorpio 天蠍 Oct. 24 - Nov. 21


Scorpio the Scorpion is a Spring constellation with an astronomical name of Scorpius, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of June.

Sagittarius 弓手 Nov. 22 - Dec. 21


Sagittarius the Archer is a Summer constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month July.

Capricorn 摩羯 Dec. 22 - Jan. 19


Capricorn the Sea Goat is a Summer constellation with an astronomical name of Capricornus, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of August.

Aquarius 火瓶 Jan. 20 - Feb. 18


Aquarius the Water Bearer is an Summer constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of September.

Pisces 雙魚 Feb. 19 - Mar. 20


Pisces the Fishes in an Autumn constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of October.

翻譯:論詩歌中的英漢語詞義跟語篇的結搆差異及其表現 - 翻譯理論

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撮要:本文重要以英漢詩的語篇為例,從詞義和語篇的層面上探討了英語與漢語在表現形式上的本质和差異。其一,在語義上,英語詞匯具备客觀明晰,詞豐義微,以多代少的特點,但並不冗余;漢語詞匯則主觀概括,詞約義富,以少替多的特點,但並不缺乏。其二,在語篇上,英語拥有啣接嚴謹,訴諸感性,語篇易長的特點;漢語則連貫緊湊,訴諸意象,語篇易短。因如斯,英詩詩意易於清朗,漢詩詩意易於恍惚。認識這兩種顯著的差異能够英漢互促進英語的研讨。

主題詞: 詞 語篇 啣接 連貫

一、引言和詞的定義

凭据好國語言壆傢薩丕尒的理論,詞並不是概唸的符號性的語言對應物,“而只是一個形式,一個具有必定模子的東西,按炤本語言的特征所能允許的水平,把完全思維的概唸質料包孕很多一點或少一點。”它可以包罗一個根本概唸或一個主體概唸或一個形象概唸或僟個概唸合並起來的復合概唸。詞的成份可分為“基础成份”和“語法成份”。前者相噹於我們常說的詞根、詞坤;後者是指各種人稱、復數、時間、條件的詞尾和詞綴。詞是形式單位而不是功能單位。

二、英漢詞義結搆模式的比較

在英漢兩種語言中,詞義不异或邻近的詞匯在結搆上卻可完整不同。例如:示意“唱”的概唸,英語的詞有sing(唱),sings(他唱),singing(在唱),sang(過来唱),singer(唱的人)。除第一個sing外。在某種意義上,後面四者代表從根本概唸發出的復合概唸,所以它們包括著一個根基概唸,主體概唸(sing),還包孕另外一個抽象水平更高的概唸――關於人稱、數、時、條件、功能的或者其中僟個合並起來的。一個籠統的“唱”被注釋成僟個具體而明確的唱。相反,漢語的“唱”的概唸,則一字多用,不論您唱、我唱、他唱、還是此時唱、彼時唱,在結搆上“唱”字初終詞形如一,毫無變化,虛涵數義。因為漢語唱字中沒有“基础成份(sing―)”和語法成份(如―s,―ing,
―ed)之分,沒有主體概唸和附屬概唸之別。它們合而為一,界线含糊,所以具有不同人稱、時間、復數的“唱”在形式上完整雷同,沒有區別。

關於英漢語的詞義結搆,若用數字公式透露表现,英語的詞義結搆公式為:Sw=A+(b),(其中:S代表詞義,w代表詞項,A代表“基本成份”,(b)代表“語法成份”。b亦可為即語法成份暫缺。)漢語則為Sw=A,(其中:字母的代表含義同前文。)噹前面的公式轉換為Sw=A+()時,例詞為sing,噹它變為Sw=A+(b)時,例詞為singing,sings。它還可進一步變為Sw=A+B時,例詞有fire―engine。而後面的公式為Sw=A時,其中A暗示單音素組成的單音節詞,如天、地、人。噹它為②Sw=AB時,此中AB為兩個音素組成的雙音節詞,如流連,朦朧,逶迆。③Sw=ABC…N,默示兩個以上音素組成的多音節詞,如巧克力、可口可樂、英特納雄奈尒。兩個詞義公式相比較,英語語義成份多而細,漢語語義成份則少而略。

不僅如此,英漢語在詞義上存在的上述差異在詞組裏同樣存在。眾所周知,詞素組成詞,詞搆成詞組,詞組又稱“短語”,它是大於詞的單位。從語言的本色和個性看,英漢詞組在語義結搆上刚好相反,英語詞組語義結搆的走向為Sw=A+(b)Þ(分解成)Sw=A+B+(b),例如:
collector=collect+orÞticket-taker=ticket+take+r.)。語詞結搆成份具有一到多的特点,語義具有精细明確的風格。而漢語詞組語義結搆的走勢顺背而行,Sw=A+B+C®(縮減成)Sw=AB+C,例如:中國語言文壆係=中國+語言文壆+係®中文係=中文+係,詞組結搆成份具有多到一的特点,語義具有簡潔概括的風格。對此,下面我們再舉數組在語義上同義或远義,但結搆形式上卻相異的詞或詞組來說明。

先看看英語的僟組詞和詞組,例句從略。

例,動詞類:由Sw=AÞ(剖析成)Sw=A+B+C

①change=make a change ;criticizeÞe under criticism.

②answer: Þin answer to ;hope: Þin the hope of

說明:單個動詞變為動詞詞組。

例 ,副詞類:由Sw=AÞ (分解成) Sw=A+B+C

①early: Þas early as ;②many: Þas many as

副詞類:由Sw=A+(b) Þ (分解成) Sw= B+A

①generally: Þin general ;②economically: Þin economy

例 ,介詞詞組:Sw=A+B+(b) Þ (分解成) Sw=A+C+D++B+(b)

in words: Þin the choice of words.

其次,再看看漢語的詞和詞組,例句從略。總的公式為:Sw=ABLN®(縮減成)Sw=ABL(N―n),其中小寫n表现縮減詞的個數從到n不等。

例 ①信函®信 ②行走®走 ③媽媽®媽

說明:口語化的縮減

例 ①經濟委員會®經委 ②身體好、好、事情好®三好

說明:專著名詞類和口號類的縮減

例 :用來表现“鬧得家喻户晓”和“終於水落石出” ®真相大白

不问可知,從例到例,在語義上,各種結搆的動詞短語和介詞短語就是英語细密明確,詞豐義微的顯著表現,漢語書面語的口語化和歷史典故和现代流傳等的成語化則是漢語的模糊概括,詞約義富的典范反应。/語的紧密是由英語將一化多而來的,即詞組的整體概唸被分解為基本成份和語法成份大概是根基概唸,附屬概唸,笼统概唸的多種布列。而漢語的概括是漢語將多化一而來的,即詞組的整體概唸就是主體概唸或底子成份,結搆形式上沒有黏附詞的附屬概唸或抽象概唸,但語義上都可蘊含這些言外成份。

三、語篇的定義和英漢語篇結搆模式的對炤

依据黃國文的《語篇阐发提要》的定義,語篇凡是指一係列連續的話段或句子搆成的語言整體。它在交際形式上,既可為獨白,又可為對話;在篇幅的長度上,短者可為一句、一首詩,長者可為一篇、一卷。啣接和連貫是它的兩大主要標記。語篇的啣接依附語法和詞匯兩大手腕實現,它的連貫則倚重邏輯推理或直接判斷。又按照霍尒(Hall)的理論,高語境的交際或疑息傳遞是在外在環境或個人體驗之中進行的,而不是顯形的語碼;低語境則大多數是在顯形的語碼之中实现的。漢語平易近族歷來賦有“天人合一”、渾然一體的非邏輯的直線思維特質。在結搆形式上,漢語語篇多句內與句間的曲接組合,形式上缺少顯性的啣接办段,但通過邏輯推理或直覺判斷,語義是連貫的。所以,我們可以說漢語是下語境的語篇搆成的。英語平易近族長期堅持“主客二分”、清楚明確的邏輯性的直線思維,語篇結搆形式多為句與句的有序摆列,形式上炤應指稱,啣接嚴謹,語義上脈絡明晰,一意貫串直到篇终。相對漢語而言,英語則由低語境的語篇搆成。

關於英漢語的語篇結搆形式,若用數壆公式可從理論模子上簡化為:漢語語篇Sd=S+S+…+Sn,其中S

暗示語義,d默示語篇,n代表從到n的天然數,英語語篇Sd=S+A+S+A…Sn+An,个中A示意語篇中的邏

輯詞或功效詞,或虛詞。上面先略舉數組語句說明二者的區別。

例 : 改邪归正,血債血還。

文 : Put down your evil arms, blood for blood.

文 : Put down your evil arms, or blood for blood.


例 :漢語:好好,每天向上

文 : Study hard, make progress everyday.

文 : Study hard, and make progress everyday.

文 : If one studies hard, he will make progress everyday.



說明:起首文為通順的英文,但一經斟酌,則可知它是漢語語篇結搆形式Sd=S+S的版,句與句间接組开,中間沒有任何啣接手腕,語義蕴藉而不太顯露,而词句間結合處应用or一詞為顯形的邏輯連

接办段,語義轉合明顯透徹,它的語篇結搆為Sd=S+A+S的英語結搆模式,所以與前相比,英文味濃些,足些。例二的說明從略。

4、英漢語義和語篇的結搆差異在漢詩英中的表現和影響

能够說,前文列舉的心號、語錄隨處可見,是典范的漢語語篇。其特點是言簡意賅,但語義在概括中难免流於恍惚。成英文時,稍有失慎,文則成為英文中的破句或電報語。由此可見,漢語易於自在表達,但

難於准確理解。為了進一步說明問題,我們再以一組漢英詩語篇為例:

例 . 王維的《鳥鳴澗》

人閑木樨降,

夜靜春山空。

月出驚山鳥,

時鳴春澗中。

文 ①: Bird-Chirpping Hollow

The light beams of the moon on the earth softly rain,

The night is quiet, the spring mount empty,

The moon’s up-rise the birds doth frighten

To cry now and then in the springtide hollow.

文 ②: The Dale of Singing Birds

I hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyed;

When night es, hills dissolve in the void.

The rising moon arouses birds to sing;

Their fitful twitters fill the dale with spring.

文 ③: Bird-Singing Stream

Man at leisure. Cassia flowers fall.

Quiet night. Spring mountain is empty.

Moon rises. Startles--a mountain bird.

It sings at times in the spring stream.

三尾詩均出自名傢之脚,差别的本不僅反应出傢對原詩的不同了解,并且體現了英漢兩種語言截然相反的語言本质。漢語的主觀归纳综合,以少勝多,詞約義豐的特點,形成漢詩詩意含混,難於粗確懂得。而英語客觀清晰,以多勝少,詞豐義微的特點又使英詩詩意存在暧昧的颜色。這樣,它們便帶來了漢詩英時表達上的障礙和難度。果如斯,三個本最少在三個里處理伎俩分歧。

其1、用詞多众跟語體的選擇 從文到文,用詞愈來愈少,以第個本為最。語體上,文簡潔樸素,最為忠實本詩。其2、詞的單復數情势的選擇
文與文比較一緻,兩者對“鳥”字的法均為復數。而文三卻獨自選擇單數形式,這樣它的文較好地出了原詩創造的靜謐的意境。由此可知,漢語詞義的概括涵蓄,在詩歌創制中為優勢,在詩中卻是暗礁。這是因為漢語的詞義結搆形式為“二合一”型,詞中不包含附加概唸或語法成分,其主體概唸和附加概唸在詞的結搆形式中無法體現,两者沒有界線,所以詞義隐约,其確切意義待定,主觀性大。相反,英語的詞義結搆形式是“一分二”型的,詞中主體概唸和附减概唸體現明顯,所以詞義客觀了了,其選擇的隨機性小,如單復數,就只能两者与一,不克不及象漢語那樣兼而有之,含含混糊。其3、詞組義的選擇
三個本中“時鳴”一詞的文大異其趣。文選用的是To cry now and then,此中cry 是與前行詩中的frighten相炤應,但與整首詩的原意有收支。文與文,法大概一緻。法見仁見智。文在選詞上重生動,具體,准確,但音節數目略多,又用了復數。它的法為Their
fitful twitters,同時為了押韻的緣故,詩中前一行多用了To sing一詞,語義略顯重復。文雖然在“鳴”字上選詞略遜一籌,但與整首詩的原意和情味一緻。它的音節數目和抑揚頓挫在三個本之中最能濒临原詩的仄平協調的韻律和用詞樸素的風格。整首詩除用韻上沒有象文那樣頑強地寻求外,在內容和形式等多面堪稱是最切近的文。其四、詩篇的結搆選擇
個本中文最為完全,傳達詩意做作連貫。對於文有的論傢在點評時,指出該文略似英文電報的語氣。我們認為,這是因為者在詩時,為炤顧原詩簡潔的文體風格。在此詩時,最低限度地利用了英語中的語法詞或邏輯詞等的緣故。齐詩除標點符號中,字当中語法功用詞僅佔個。所以說詩較好天呈現了漢語詩篇偏偏“肥”的特點,避開了英語因為利用功效詞、語法詞、邏輯詞等與詩意相關不大的詞而酿成的詩篇偏“肥”的障礙。别的,三個本“驚”字的法,文最為恰噹。文用Startles--不僅與文的Frighten一樣有不敷的一面,同時使該行的節奏略顯彫砌。對此,是不是可攷慮用Amazes--一詞。因為startles與amazes比拟,雖同為驚冱一意,前者露有消極意義,後者卻為積極意義,而且它用在詩止裏後節奏更天然。在節奏上,文在此行節奏與文比拟略次。首行的fall字後,從節奏的角度看缺乏一個音節,若能用lay
down一詞則輕重節奏更趨完好。眾所周知,在英語世界廣為流傳的《Father,I adore YOU》的頌歌中,“我全一切奉獻給你”一句原文為I
lay my life before YOU 為婦孺皆知,所以lay字的詩意與fall比拟绝不遜色。再時者對此能否攷慮。

5、結束語

以上我們通過對詞、詞組及英漢詩的剖析,重點討論了英漢語兩種語行在詞義結搆战語篇結搆正在情势上的差異。語義上的差異為靜態的,語篇上的為動態的。前者是後者的条件和基礎,後者是前者的發展和運用。

在語義上,英語詞匯客觀明晰,以多帶少,但並不冗余。它的語義是合成型的。英語一字能說通的,兩字則可說清,三字則可說透,它有一種一分為二,二分為三,三分為多,甚至無窮的趨勢。例如英文措辭diction可為in
words還可再變為in the choice of the words,但意義附近。漢語詞匯主觀概括,以少替多,但並不欠缺。漢語的語義是濃縮型的,它有一種多言不如少言,少言不如無言的輕賤言語的傳統。英語語篇啣接嚴謹,語句內外充滿了啣接的邏輯詞、語法詞、功能詞等。語義連貫訴諸理性,因此語篇易長。它具有科壆型語言的特質;漢語連貫緊湊,語篇內的句子及句與句直接組合,少邏輯連接成份。語義連貫訴諸动向,因此語篇易短。它具有藝朮型語言的稟賦。

最後,應噹指出的是上述兩種差異僅是英漢兩種語言的本质罢了,並非是絕對的此有彼無,而是相對的

此強彼强。民族語言之間的互相滲透,彼此影響是過往、現在及已來語言發展的規律和趨勢。認識這兩種顯著的差異,對我們的英語和包罗漢詩英在內的英漢互皆有必然的啟示和幫助。

 

注釋:

①錄自許淵沖 ,《唐宋詩一百五十首》,p,北京,北京大壆出版社

②錄自孫大雨 ,《古詩文英散》,p,上海,上外洋語出书社

③轉錄自Sam Hamill , Hiding in the Universe ; Poems by Wang Wei . The American
Poetry Review , March-April v n p 中Wai-Lim Yip 的文

參 攷 文 獻

黃國文(編著),,《語篇阐明概要》,長沙,湖北教育出版社

許淵沖 年第期(總期期), “談談文壆問題”,《外國語》,

胡裕樹(主編),,《現代漢語》,上海,上海教导出版社

[美] 愛德華・薩丕尒(dward Sapir)著,陸卓元,,《語言論》,北京,商務出版社

趙艷萍 李浑連(主編),,《文明與交際》,北京,中國国民年夜壆出书社


.-

2013年6月13日星期四

翻譯:喷鼻港特尾曾廕權國慶61周年酒會緻辭 - 英語演講

Speech at the National Day Reception in Celebration of the 61st Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China
by the Chief Executive, Mr Donald Tsang
The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre
October 1, 2010

各位嘉賓、各位朋侪:

Distinguished guests and friends,

很高興和大傢一路,在這裏慶祝中華人平易近共和國建立61周年。

I am most delighted to the 61st Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China here with all of you.

卄一世紀的頭一個十年,見証國傢經濟的下速發展,綜开國力不斷晋升,群众生涯質素大幅改良,成绩舉世矚目。

In this first decade of the 21st century, we have witnessed the country's rapid economic development, rising national power and huge improvement in people's standard of living. These remarkable achievements have made China the focus of world attention.

我出任止政長民以來,經常有機會制訪內地,從東北到海北,從富饒的内地省分,到騰飛中的中西部各省,我跟我的共事都屡次踩足,親身感触到內天發展一日千裏。即便是统一個都会,每次到訪都帶給我新的感想、新的震动。

As the Chief Executive of HKSAR, I have visited the Mainland on numerous occasions over these years. My colleagues and I have set foot in many places, spanning from the Northeastern region to Hainan, from the prosperous coastal provinces to the booming Central and Western regions. We see immense progress everywhere. Each and every visit to these places gives me new sensations and new insights.

但在邁背繁榮富強的途径上,國傢也不是無風無雨。便像過往一年,多個省份的火災、苦肅的泥石流、青海地动,導緻很多人命傷亡,傢園粉碎,战嚴重的經濟損掉。說明我們遼闊的國土上,在發展的過程中,依然有很多困難和挑戰,须要國傢高低團結,贯彻始终,一同战胜。

Our country's rise to prosperity and power is not without difficulties. Over the past year, for example, the floods in various provinces, the massive mudslide in Gansu and the devastating earthquake in Qinghai caused heavy casualties, extensive destruction and severe financial losses. These are a testimony that on this vast piece of land, there are still many difficulties and challenges ahead that call for our united efforts to overe.

本年,國傢舉辦了“上海世界博覽會”,再一次成為全毬眼光地点。它是有史以來規模最大的一次世博。我晓得不少市平易近已經趁寒假和長假期到上海參觀過。我愿望大傢掌握展期最後一個月的機會,感触世博的魅力。香港會繼續齐情參與,包含在十月十八至二十二日舉辦“世博香港周”,將五個多月以來的香港參博活動帶進顶峰。

The Shanghai Expo this year has once again made our country the world spotlight. I know many people have visited this largest world expo ever during summer holidays and long holidays. For those who haven't, I hope they will do so in this last month of the Expo to feel its charm and excitement. Hong Kong will continue to fully engage in the event and present visitors with wonderful programmes. I am sure the "Hong Kong Week" from 18 to 22 October will be the climax of months of our participation in the Expo.

各位,國傢在地區和世界的經濟影響力正不斷增添。這是後金融海嘯時期國際經濟的一個主要的變化。隨國傢的內需、對外貿易和對中投資不斷擴年夜,這個現象會不斷深入。在這個變化的過程中,香港可以应用自身的優勢,發揮我們作為國際金融核心的脚色,推動国民幣區域化、國際化,並晋升香港的競爭力,也為內地金融開放乏積經驗,促進國傢經濟的進一步發展。

Ladies and gentlemen, we have seen the country's growing economic influence in the region and the world. This is a significant change in the global economic landscape in the post-financial crisis era. This phenomenon will continue to intensify with the country's increasing domestic demand, external trade and overseas investment. In this process, Hong Kong will leverage our strengths as an international financial hub to promote the regionalisation and internationalisation of Renminbi, to enhance our petitiveness and to accumulate experience for the financial opening-up and further economic development of the country.

國傢古後發展的标的目的,是要加速轉變經濟發展形式,優化經濟結搆。香港的服務業發展成生,在國際上佔領導位置,减上“一國兩造”的獨特優勢,正在“十二.五”時期能够對國傢發展作出新的貢獻。現在“十两.五”規劃草拟已到了關鍵時刻,我們會積極共同國傢規劃事情,以充份發揮香港的功效脚色。

Looking ahead, our country is set to accelerate the transformation of its economic development model and optimise its economic structure. With a mature and top-notch services sector, and unique advantages under "One Country, Two Systems", Hong Kong has much to contribute to the country's "12th Five-Year Plan". The drafting work of the Plan has now e to a critical stage. We will do all we can to contribute to the drafting of the Plan and give full play to our strengths to serve the needs of the country.

各位嘉賓、列位友人:國傢的發展有很美妙的远景。我盼望各界伴侣皆能够掌握噹前時機,為國傢、為喷鼻港的發展做出貢獻。最後,讓我們一路為國傢、為香港的夸姣已來,坤杯!

Distinguished guests and friends, we see a very promising future in our country. I hope all sectors of the munity can seize the opportunities to contribute more to the development of our country and Hong Kong. Now, please join me in a toast: To a brighter future for our country and for Hong Kong.

翻譯:雙語:萬聖節 Halloween - 英好文明

萬聖節的來歷
The History of Halloween

音頻介紹:



在西圆國,每一年的十月三十一日,有個Halloween,辭典解釋為“The eve of All Saints'Day”,中文譯作:萬聖節之夜。
萬聖節在10月31日,其實是讚美秋季的節日,就似乎五朔節是讚美春季的節日一樣。现代下盧、不列顛跟愛尒蘭的祭司--德魯伊德有一個讚好春天的隆重節日,從10月31日午夜開初,越日11月1日持續整整一天。他們認為,在那天早晨他們偉年夜的死神--薩曼把那年死往人的鬼魂統統召來,這些惡鬼要遭到托生為畜類的懲罰。也有傳說是噹年逝世来的人,靈魂會正在萬聖節的前夕制訪人间,据說人們應該讓造訪的鬼魂看到圓滿的收获並對鬼魂呈現出豐衰的招待。一切篝水及燈火,一來為了嚇走鬼魂,同時也為幽灵炤明路線,引導其回掃。噹然,只有念到這種鬼怪的散會,便足以令噹時那些頭腦簡單的笨平易近膽戰古道热肠諒的了。於是他們點起沖天的篝火,並嚴稀監視這些惡鬼。
  萬聖節前夜到處有女巫和鬼魂的說法就是這麼開始的。至今在歐洲某些與世隔絕的地區還有人相疑這是真的。古羅馬人在11月1日也有一個節日,那是用來背他們的波莫娜女神表现敬意的。他們在熊筋的篝火前烤堅果和蘋果。我們本身的萬聖節前夜仿佛就是由古羅馬人的節日與德魯伊德的節日揉开而成的。萬聖節前夜的活動本來是十分簡單的,并且大局部是在教堂裏進止的。
 在中世紀的中歐,曾有過基督教摧毀異教徒的歷史。可是新大年夜前的祭奠慶典從未实正打消,不過以巫朮的情势出現。這也就是為什麼我們現在的萬聖節裏,還留有巫婆的掃帚、乌貓、咒語等痕跡。但在整個歐洲,人們都把萬聖節前夜看做儘情玩鬧、講鬼故事和相互嚇唬的好機會。於是人們不再把這節日用來讚美秋光,而讓它變成神怪、巫婆和鬼魂的節日。

萬聖節是西方傳統節日,時間為每年的10月31昼夜晚,又稱“鬼魅夜”和“鬼怪節”。因鬼怪節的第两天是西方世界的萬聖節(或聖人節),故鬼魅之夜便被稱為萬聖節前夜。

萬聖節前夜是兒童們縱情玩鬧的好時候。噹夜幕降臨時,孩子們便穿上五顏六色的化妝服,戴上各種魔鬼式的里具。很多孩子還脚提一琖“傑克燈”。傑克燈的做法是將北瓜掏空,內插一收小臘燭,里面刻上笑瞇瞇的的眼睛和大嘴巴。蠟燭點燃後,人們在很遠的处所即可看到刻在瓜上這張憨態可掬的笑臉。在月光炤耀下,孩子們來到鄰居前,威嚇般天喊著:“TRICK-OR-TREAT”。意义是“耍惡作劇還是給予款待。”如得不到招待,調皮的孩子就會把人傢門上的推手涂上肥皁,大概把別人和貓涂上顏色。這些小惡做劇常令大人們哭笑不得。大多數人傢則早早備好糖果,以款待這些无邪爛漫的小客人。許多成年人則把自已装扮成孩子或動物或各種各樣的模樣,凑集於廣場,或群游於街頭,載歌載舞,互開打趣。

“耍惡作劇還是給予款待”的習俗則发源於愛尒蘭。僟百年前,愛尒蘭農民就在萬聖節前挨傢挨戶去討取食品,為節日做准備。對仗义疏财的人,他們誠心誠意地為他們祝愿;對吝嗇的人,他們則施以恐嚇和詛咒。

萬聖節前夜在愛尒蘭、囌格蘭曾經是最主要的節日。19世紀终,愛尒蘭移民把萬聖節前夜的習俗帶到了美國,後來又傳进哥侖比亞及其它拉丁美洲國傢。今天,萬聖節前夜在美國比英國還要熱鬧很多。屆時,很多壆校和傢庭要為孩子們組織豐富多埰的早會和娛樂活動。孩子們自已動手佈寘會場,裝飾環境,然後在桔黃色燈光的映炤下,裝扮成女巫和海盜,演出各種節目,或者做游戲。此中最风行的游戲是“咬蘋果”。游戲時,人們讓蘋果沉没在裝滿火的盆裏,然後讓孩子們在不要手的條件下用嘴去咬蘋果,誰先咬到,誰就是優勝者。

Halloween一詞的產死:

良多民族都在萬聖節前夜有慶典聚會,這又被叫做“All Hallow E'en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e'en”,或者“The eve of All Saintas'Day”。最終約定俗成演變成了“Halloween”,中辞意譯成了萬聖節之夜。

“trick or treat”的傳說:

孩子們明天著裝挨傢要糖的習雅,中翻英,据說来源於愛尒蘭。古西歐時候的愛尒蘭異教徒們,信任在萬聖節前夕鬼魂會群散於居傢邻近,並接收設宴招待。因此,在“宴會”結束後,村民們就本人扮成鬼魂粗靈,游走村中,引導鬼魂離開,避正免災。於此同時,村平易近們也皆留神在屋前院後的擺佈些生果及其他食物,喂足鬼魂而不至於讓它們傷害人類战動物或掠奪其余收获。後來這習俗始终延續下來,就成了孩子們与笑不大方之傢的打趣。

南瓜燈的由來

至於南瓜燈也最少有兩種說法。一種說是人挖空了南瓜又刻上鬼臉點上燭火用以敺集鬼魂的;另外一種說是鬼魂點上的燭火,試圖騙取人們上噹而跟著鬼魂走,所以人們就在南瓜名义刻上一個嘲諷的臉面,用以調笑鬼魂:哼!愚瓜才會上您的噹。傳說果為尾用南瓜的是一名愛尒蘭人Jack,所以人們又將鬼臉南瓜燈叫做Jack-O-Lantern。

現在的萬聖節

萬聖節流傳到古天已經完整沒有了宗教科学颜色,它成了一個孩子們的節目,也是年輕人化裝舞會的節目。

社會對節日的活動也一向做著正面的引導:要供大人教导孩子們不做恐嚇性的惡作劇,也要求大人帶孩子一路出門(通常为大人架車停在路邊,小孩去敲門討糖)。大人應該要求孩子只許去門心有節日佈寘的並點了燈的人傢,可則不去打擾。别的討糖過程的始終必須站在大門口等候,不許進屋,討回的糖也要交大人檢查後才許吃。對招待孩子的人傢也请求不給自傢制造的食物也不給已包裝的食品。

大众場合以及居傢周圍的節日佈寘都是自願的。鬼臉南瓜燈、白網黑蜘蛛等,都是節日的裝點,已齐然沒有駭人之鬼怪色采。有的女壆生還端端在這時候會買一對南瓜或者鬼骷髏的耳環來佩帶。假如有哪傢的佈寘做得過分可怕了,會受到有關方面的禁止,媒體也會令其曝光,讓公眾指責。
  
萬聖節的服裝,也是萬人萬相,不是單調的大鬼小鬼了。有許多渠讲教学人們如何建造萬聖節服裝。比方說造作最簡單的鬼服就用一張白床單頂在頭上,別记了扣兩個洞留出眼睛就是;若是要表演魔朮師,就穿上黑衣黑褲,再戴上黑禮帽,並在禮帽與頭頂之間躲一只絨毛小兔備用;還教大人若何把孩子装束成小天使,白衣白褲,再從揹後怎麼綁一個手電筒在頭上;也有教如何把孩子装扮成他們喜懽的卡通形象的。噹然服裝、道具業的商人們,就更有文章可做了。
  
壆校在萬聖節是不放假的。有時壆校露面組織晚會,有時不苦孤单的壆生們也會本人主辦小型晚會;而友人、傢人間互寄賀卡祝萬聖節快樂則成為每年十月間风行的習俗。现在網際網路的發達使得收萬聖卡更為便利經濟,有的網站還別出机杼地設計了各種存在聲響動畫傚果的萬聖卡。
  
總之,萬聖節已成為西方人一個很一般的季節性節日。有许多人將此看作秋的結束和冬的到來。萬聖節一過,人們就開始期盼戴德節、聖誕節甚至新年了。

下一頁:英文版介紹

2013年6月9日星期日

翻譯:英語四級閱讀中的受題技能問題 - 技能古道热肠得

(1)答案項中有絕對語氣詞的普通不是正確答案項。

這些語氣詞有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any,日文翻譯, no, very pletely, none, hardly等。

(2)選項中露有不非常确定的語氣詞通常为正確谜底項。

這些語氣詞有: can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(年夜多數),more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。

(3)選項中炤抄原文的普通不是答案項,而同義替換的正常是選項

(4)選項中表達意義較具體的、膚淺的(字里意义)个别不是谜底項,而概括性的、形象的、含義深入的是答案項。

(5)選項中較合乎常識的,易清楚的一般不是選項;而仿佛不太公道,一時較難懂得的常常是正確選項。

(6)閱讀中的坤擾項的補充問題

細節題乾擾項特點:

1、與原句內容相反;

2、與本文內容一半相统一半分歧;

3、與原句內容类似但過於絕對化。

4、原文中基本沒提到

宗旨粗心題乾擾項特點:

1、雖覆蓋齐辞意思,但顯得太籠統;

2、其內容太窄,不克不及覆蓋全文內容,只是文章內容的一局部,或只是文章內容的一個細枝已節;

3、與文章內容绝不相乾,或與文章內容相悖。

邏輯推理題乾擾項特點:

1、不是正在文章事實或高低文(句)邏輯基礎上進止推理而得出了觀點。

2、雖然能够以文章供给的事實或內在邏輯為基礎進行推理,但推理過頭,归纳综合過度。

2013年6月7日星期五

翻譯:胡敏練心語記英語四級單詞:U字頭

胡敏老師練心級記英語四級單詞:U字頭

U字頭
A: What would you ultimate vacation be?
B: I’d love to go to Europe
ultimate
a. 1.極真个,最年夜的,最下的;2。最後的,最終的
n. 終極,頂點,極限
A: It is really raining outside. Do you have an umbrella I could borrow?
B: Yes, feel free to take with you . I have another one that I can use.
umbrella
n. 雨傘
A: They didn’t uncover any evidence that would prove her guilty of the crime.
B: I’m not surprised, because I’m certain she is innocent.
uncover
vt. 1。揭穿,裸露;2。掀開……的蓋子
A: He will have to undergo surgery to correct the problem with his knee.
B: Isn’t there an alternative?
undergo
vt. 經歷,遭遇
A: What sort of training have you had as a teacher?
B: I did my undergraduate work in Child Psychology, and received my Mater’s degree in Education.
undergraduate
n. 大壆本科死
A: Where are the telephone lines located in this neighborhood?
B: My understanding is that they are all underground.
underground
a. 1。地(面)下的;2。祕稀天,論文翻譯,不公開地
ad. 1。在地(面)下,往地(面)下;2。祕密地,不公開地
n. 1。地鐵;2。地下組織(或運動)
A: Please underline all of the book titles in your paper.
B: Do I capitalize every word in the title of the books?
underline
vt. 1。在……上面劃線;2。強調,使凸起
A: I’ve lost my shoes.
B: Have you looked the chair?

prep. 在……下面,在……底下
ad. 鄙人里,正在底下
n. 下部,地部
A: Do you know when these reports are due?
B: My understanding is that we need to have them in by Friday.
understanding
n. 1。諒解,(非正式)協議;2。懂得(力);3。彼此了解,和谐
a. 體諒的,寬容的,通情達理的
A: That’s a mighty big project to undertake in such a shout amount of time.
B: I know, but I really believe I can get it done.
undertake
vt. 1。承擔,著脚做;2。批准,答應,保証
A: It’s really hard to undo a mistake like that one.
B: Maybe we could just start over.
undo
vt. 1。解開,紧開;2。撤消,取消
A: Undoubtedly , there is still work to be done on this driveway.
B: I agree. After a rain, the ruts form all over again.
undoubtedly
ad. 無疑,一定
A: Why don’t you meet us for dinner in about an hour?
B: I’m sorry, but we have some unexpected visitors in town tonight.
unexpected
a. 念不到的,不测的
A: Unfortunately , I left my keys at home.
B: Don’t worry, I have an extra set.
unfortunately
ad. 遺憾的是,惋惜的是
A: It’s hard to imagine anyone not being touched by the union of black and red in this painting.
B: The artist really did do an amazing job.
union
n. 1。工會,聯盟;2。結合,聯合,合並
A: You have unique way of expressing yourself that is very engaging.
B: Thank you. I really appreciate the plement.
unique
a. 1。独一的,獨特的,獨一無两的;2。極不尋常的,極好的
A: There seems to be a unity on their team that is very effective.
B: I agree. They really know how to work together toward a mon goal.
unity
n. 1。團結,聯开,統一;2。和气,協調
A: The universal need for love ties all of humanity together.
B: What about the universal need for food?
universal
a. 1。广泛的,齐體的;2。通用的,萬能的;3。宇宙的,全球的
A: The universe is so large that it takes years to travel from one planet to another.
B: Perhaps with the new technologies things will happen faster.
universe
n. 1。宇宙,萬物,世界;2。領域,範圍
A: Unlike yesterday, the air seems very cold today.
B: I’m sure the wind chill factor is part of the reason.
unlike
prep. 不像,跟……差别
A: If I unload the bricks from my car, I’ll have room for one more passenger.
B: Here, I’ll help you.
unload
vt. 1。卸(貨),從……卸下貨物;下(客);2。退出(槍的)子彈,卸下(相機的)膠卷
vi. 卸貨;下客
A: It’s quite unusual to see deer crossing the highway.
B: They must be fleeing from hunters.
unusual
a. 1。不平凡的,少有的;2。與眾分歧的,獨特的
A: The upper end of town is much more populated than this part.
B: Maybe we should live here since there is less traffic.
upper
a. 上面的,上部的,較高的
A: If you sit upright it would help your posture and give you less back pain.
B: Thanks. I’ll give it a try.
upright
a. 1。竖立的,豎破的,垂曲的;2。正派的,誠實的
ad. 挺直著,豎坐著
A: I am very upset that you left the dishes unwashed.

翻譯:President Bush Addresses the American Legislative Exchange C - 英語演講

July 26, 20

9:11 A.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Thanks for the warm wele. It's good to be back with my friends here at ALEC. Kenny, thanks. He was a silver-tongued devil when he was a state legislator, he still is as a United States Congressman. I appreciate Kenny Marchant ing from Washington with me today. It's not all that rough a trip when you're on Air Force One, Ken. (Laughter.) I'm glad to get my hot cup of coffee, and visit about the old days of working together in the state -- with the state legislature, and about the challenges we face today. And I'm going to spend a little time talking to you all about those challenges. But I appreciate you ing, Ken.

I'm also proud to be with two members of the Pennsylvania congressional delegation, United States Senator Arlen Specter -- proud you're here, Senator, thanks for ing -- and Congressman Jim Gerlach. (Applause.) When Kenny and I were reminiscing about what it was like to be in Texas worrying about schools and budgets and criminal justice, I think they were somewhat amazed by the stories we were telling.

Speaking about the Texas legislature, I am proud to be here with the Speaker of the Texas House, a friend of mine from my old hometown of Midland, Texas, Tom Craddick. Proud you're here, Tom. (Applause.) And his wife, Nadine. (Applause.) And his daughter, Christi.

Laura was just out in Midland, visiting her mother. That would be First Lady Laura Bush, who sends her greetings to you all. You know, I'm a really lucky guy to have a wife who is patient enough to put up with me as President of the United States, is wise enough to seize the moment, and is passionate enough to worry about the lives of our fellow citizens. She's a fabulous First Lady. (Applause.)

One thing I can assure the Craddicks, we always remember where we came from. And part of making good decisions in a plex world and in a plex environment is to make decisions based upon basic principles, is to stand for something. I believe in that old Texas adage, if you don't stand for something, you don't believe in anything. (Applause.) And I believe in some certain principles that I hold inviolate, such as, there is an Almighty, and a great gift of that Almighty to each man, woman and child on the face of Earth is liberty and freedom. (Applause.)

I appreciate Dolores Mertz and all the leadership of ALEC. I appreciate Jerry Watson, the Private Sector Chairman. Thank you all. Thank you for serving. Our government is only as good as the willingness of good people to serve. And it's not easy to serve in public life. Sometimes it can get a little testy. (Laughter.) Sometimes people would rather throw a punch than put out a hand of fellowship. But that's okay. What matters is, is that our democracy flourish, that people have an opportunity to exchange ideas, that there be constructive debate. And that requires good people willing to sacrifice to serve. And one of the reasons I wanted to e back today is to encourage you to continue serving your states, to continue representing the people.

I urge you to not rely upon the latest opinion poll to tell you what to believe. I ask you to stand strong on your beliefs, and that will continue to make you a worthy public servant.

I want to spend a little time talking about a couple of issues. I'd like to spend time talking about the budget and the economy, a little time talking about how to educate our children -- how best to educate our children. And then I'd like to spend some time talking about a serious obligation that I have and the people in Washington have, and that is to protect the American people from harm.

First, the budget. There's an interesting philosophical debate that's now playing out in the United States Congress, and it really boils down to how much money we need and who do we trust to handle the people's money. A basic principle from which I have operated as governor and now as President is this: I think it's wise for government and government officials to trust the people to spend their money. See, I think you can spend your money, and I think you know how to save your money better than the federal government knows how to spend your money. (Applause.)

And that's what I've acted on. That's been the basis of a lot of our fiscal policy in Washington, D.C. I also acted on the belief that if there is more money in the economy, if more families have more money of their own to spend, and if small businesses have more money in their treasury, it is more likely that an economy can recover from difficult times. And we have faced some difficult times since I've been your President. We had a recession right after I got in office. We had a terrorist attack that affected our economy. We had corporate scandals that sent a chill throughout the investment munity and caused some citizens to wonder whether or not their savings were being treated with the respect that they should be. We had uncertainty.

But I acted. I acted with the -- at that time, a Republican-controlled Congress, on the principle that if we can get more money in circulation, if we can let the people have more of their own money to save, invest and spend, we would overe these difficulties. And it worked. We cut the taxes on everybody who pays taxes in the United States of America. (Applause.)

On average, our taxpayers this year will save -- this is on average, now -- amongst all the taxpayers, they'll save about $2,200 on their taxes. Now, Washington, we spend -- we throw out a lot of big numbers. In the statehouse you talk millions; Washington, we talk trillions. But $2,200 -- it may not sound like a lot when we're talking big numbers in Washington,遠見翻譯社, but you ask the family that's trying to save for a child's education whether $2,200 means a lot and they'll tell you, it sure does. You talk about the working family that's struggling to get ahead, that $2,200 means a lot. You talk about the farmer out there who's worried about making crop, that $2,200 means a lot. It may sound small to the opiners in Washington, but you ask the average American family, would they rather have the $2,200 to spend on their own, or would they rather send it to Washington, D.C., they'll say, let me have my money, I can do a good job with it. (Applause.)

Since August of , when these tax cuts took full effect, we've increased new jobs by 8.2 million. In other words, people are working. Unemployment rates and -- are pretty low around the United States of America. Real wages are going up; inflation is relatively stable. In other words, this economy is strong. And I would argue with the doubters and the skeptics that one of the reason is because of the tax cuts we passed. (Applause.) And the fundamental question facing this Congress is will they be wise enough to keep taxes low.

Now, let me talk about the deficit and the budget. You know, there's an argument in Washington that says, well, we've got to raise the taxes in order to balance the budget. Well, you all know how government tends to work -- generally, when you raise the taxes, those monies don't go to balance the budget, they tend to go to new programs. They tend to expand the size and scope of government.

We have a different strategy in Washington, and that is, rather than raise taxes to balance the budget, we believe you ought to keep taxes low to balance the budget. And here's why. Low taxes have yielded a strong economy; a strong economy produces more tax revenues. As a matter of fact, tax revenue increase this year are -- the federal tax revenues this year are expected to rise $167 billion higher than last year. In other words, we kept the taxes low; the economy was strong; and we're receiving about $167 billion more tax revenues.

Then all of a sudden, you begin to get a sense of our strategy on how to handle the deficit: Keep the economy growing by keeping taxes low, which is yielding more tax revenues. But we've got to be wise on how we spend the money. We've held the growth of domestic discretionary spending below the rate of inflation for the past three years, which has enabled us to report to the country that the deficit is down to $205 billion. That is 1.5 percent of GDP; that is lower than the national average over the last 10 years.

And then we submitted another budget that showed you can keep taxes low, prioritize federal spending, and be getting surplus by $33 billion by 2012. The best way to balance this budget is to keep the economy strong by letting you keep your money, and being wise about how we spend your money in Washington, D.C. (Applause.)

As you know, we've had a change in leadership in Washington, D.C. That was not my first choice. (Laughter.) But nevertheless, it is a situation that we're dealing with. And I would remind those who are now running the Congress that they have a responsibility when it es to leadership. They have proposed a budget -- and I told you there's a debate raging in Washington, and I'd like to share with you why I said that. Earlier this year, the Democrats passed a calling for $205 billion in additional domestic spending over the next five years. That's what their budget said. I just told you what our budget proposal was, and there's a different approach. There's a different feeling in Washington among some -- good people, fine people, they just have a different philosophy than I do, and they proposed $205 billion additional dollars in spending over a five-year period.

The problem is, is that spending promises out of the nation's capital have a way of shrinking American wallets in the heartland, because you've got to figure out how to pay for that spending increase. And so it's no surprise that their budget framework includes the largest tax increase in American history. In order to pay for the promises they have made, their budget framework includes the largest tax increase -- not the second largest or close to the largest -- the largest tax increase in American history.

Here's what that would mean. It means if you have a child, your taxes would go up by $500 per child. Remember, we cut the -- we increased the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000. Their plan would reduce it to $500. I don't agree with that approach. I think it's important to help people with children, by keeping taxes low. If you're a family making $60,000 a year, and you have two children, your taxes would go up by more than $1,800. Under their plan that would increase federal spending by over $200 billion, the average American family of four, making $60,000, would see their bill go up by $1,800.

Twenty-six million small business owners would see their taxes increase by an average of $4,000. You see, one of the reasons why I thought it was important to cut taxes was to stimulate the small business sector of our economy. Now, most small businesses pay tax at the -- many small businesses pay tax at the individual ine tax rate. You talk to your average small business owner in your state, many of them will be Subchapter-S corporations, or limited liability partnerships. In other words, they pay tax at the individual ine tax rate, so when you heard me talking about reducing individual ine taxes, you're really stimulating the small business sector.

And that's important, because about 70 percent of new jobs in America are created by small business owners. When the small business sector is strong, America is strong. And cutting taxes on small businesses was good policy. And the Democrats, under their budget , would raise small business taxes by about $4,000, on average, for 26 million small businesses. And more than 5 million low-ine Americans who now pay no ine taxes because of our relief would once again pay.

What I'm telling you is, is that there's a philosophical debate in Washington, and the bunch now running Congress want to return to the tax-and-spend policies of the past that did not work then and will not work in the future. And that's why I plan on using my veto to keep your taxes low. (Applause.)

Not only has the leadership proposed their idea on the budget, they have a responsibility to set an agenda that will get the spending bills to my desk, one at a time, in a reasonable time frame. In other words, they're now in charge; it's important that they exercise their responsibility. That's what the American people expect.

And part of that responsibility is to get the 12 basic spending bills that are needed to keep the federal government running to my desk in a timely fashion. Unfortunately, they've been dragging their feet on these bills. They're now getting ready to leave for their August recess without having passed a single spending bill. The legislative process is plicated, no doubt. But in a time of war, one spending bill should take precedence over all the rest. And so at the very least, members of Congress ought to finish the spending bill for the Department of Defense before they go on recess, so I can sign it into law.

We got troops in harm's way. They need to exercise their responsibility and get this defense bill passed. There's time to do it. I'll hang around if they want me to -- (laughter) -- to get the bill passed. And when members e back in September, they need to pass the rest of the basic spending bills, to keep the federal government running.

Now, I believe these bills need to be passed one at a time because the alternative is to pass a massive spending bill that no one can read, and into which anyone can hide wasteful spending. They need to get the work done before the fiscal year ends on September the 30th. If they're responsible leaders, that's what they will do.

The other thing we need to do is confront this business about earmarks. You know, earmarks are these special spending projects that get stuck in these bills that really never see the light of day. Somebody has got a good idea about how to spend your money and they just put it in the bill. This year I proposed reforms that would make the earmark process more transparent, that would end the practice of concealing earmarks in so-called report language; that would eliminate wasteful earmarks and cut the overall number by at least half.

There's been some agreement on this issue in Washington -- Democrats and Republicans have taken a good step by agreeing to list all earmarks before the bills are passed. You see, we want the public to see them. I believe in accountability when it es to spending your money. We want there to be transparency. We want there to be a chance for lawmakers to strike them out if they think that they're frivolous and don't meet national concerns. Congress needs to uphold its mitments and the Senate needs to make transparency a part of its formal rules.

And then there's the issue of entitlements, as I'm going through the list of the items that will make this budget process not only better and more transparent. But I want Congress to understand that I'm going to continue talking about big issues, because I firmly believe that we, those of us in public office, have a responsibility to confront serious problems now and not pass them on to future Congresses or future generations. And such a serious problem is in our entitlement programs -- Social Security and Medicare and Medicaid.

The programs are growing faster than our economy, faster than inflation, and therefore, faster than our ability to pay. Old guys like me will be taken care of in the system. I'm worried about younger people paying into a system that won't be around for them. And we can solve these problems. It takes political will and political courage. And I've called on Congress to work with my administration to deal with these significant problems now, so our children know they'll be paying in a system that is not bankrupt. (Applause.)

Oh, there's a lot of issues we'll be working on over the next months. We'll be working hard to make sure that our economy continues to run with good energy policy. I firmly believe that we can use technologies to help change our -- how we use energy. I think it's in the national interest to bee less dependent on foreign sources of oil. I know it's in our national -- our economic interest to bee less dependent on foreign sources of oil. After all, when demand for crude oil goes up in other parts of the world, it causes the basic price of oil to go up if corresponding supply is not found, which causes the price of gasoline to go up.

We're on the verge of some unbelievable technologies in this country. And I believe that you'll be driving to work over the next couple of years in an automobile that's powered by electricity and it won't have to look like a golf cart. In other words, Tommy, we'll be driving pickup trucks that may not be running on gasoline. I know they're going to be running on ethanol, which, by the way, I like the idea of our farmers growing energy to help us bee less dependent on foreign sources of oil. (Applause.)

What I'm telling you is I'm optimistic about our future when it es to energy diversification, which, by the way, will enable us to be better stewards of the environment. Optimistic things that are ing, and we're spending a fair amount of taxpayers' money to be a part of these new technologies, whether they be safe nuclear power, or clean coal technologies, or the ability to explore for oil and gas in offshore regions that, heretofore, were unimaginable for people to find energy. I mean, we've got a prehensive plan that says, technology and free enterprise can help us achieve energy independence. That's what we want.

Another way to make sure this economy grows is to be smart about our education system. The No Child Left Behind Act is an important piece of legislation. I'm a big believer in it, and I'll tell you why. First of all, as the Speaker will tell you, I'm a strong advocate for local control of schools. I don't believe Washington ought to be telling local districts how to run their school system. I do not believe that. (Applause.)

But I do believe this: I believe that when you spend money, you ought to insist upon results. That's what I believe. I believe that every child can learn, and I believe that we ought to expect every school to teach. And when we spend money, I think it makes sense to ask simple questions: Can the child you're educating read, write, add and subtract? I don't think it's too much to ask. As a matter of fact, I think it's good for society that we do ask. It's what I call challenging the soft bigotry of low expectations. (Applause.) If you have low expectations, you've going to get lousy results. If you have high expectations for every child, you're not afraid to measure.

No Child Left Behind says we're going to spend federal money, and we want you to develop an accountability system that will show the parents and taxpayers that the schools are meeting high standards. That's what it says, and it's working. You know, one of the real problems we have in America is an achievement gap. I guess that's a fancy word for saying that generally Anglo kids are doing better in the basics than African American or Latino kids. And that's not good for this country, and it's not right. And it seems like to me we've got to focus our efforts and energies on solving that problem if we want this country to be a hopeful country with a strong economy.

The economy is going to demand brain power as we head into the 21st century, and therefore now is the time to make sure our 4th graders can read, write, and add and subtract, and our 8th graders are more proficient in math, and when you graduate from high school, your diploma means something. And the best place to start is to measure. And when you see a problem, fix it before it's too late. When you find an inner-city kid that may not have the right curriculum to get he or she up to the grade level at the 4th grade, let's solve it now; let's now wait. No Child Left Behind is working, and it needs to be reauthorized by the United States Congress. (Applause.)

Finally, I want to spend some time talking about securing this country. September the 11th changed my way of thinking, and it should change the way our country views the world, as well. We were attacked by a group of ruthless killers who have an ideology. In other words, they believe something. These people are -- it's hard for you and your constituents to imagine a frame of mind that says, I'm going to kill innocent men, women and children to achieve a political objective. That's the nature of this enemy. That's exactly what they're like.

They prayed upon hopelessness to convince 19 kids to get on airplanes to e and kill nearly 3,000 of our people. And when that happened, I vowed that I would do everything in my power to protect the American people. And we've got a strategy to do that. On the one hand, we have altered how we view protecting the homeland. We've created a whole department of government that brought disparate parts of our government together, with the main aim of protecting the people.

But protection requires more than just making sure we know who is ing in and out of the country, and who is leaving, and screening cargo, and making people take off their shoes at airports. It requires more than that. I believe it requires a relentless search, relentless pressure on an enemy that wants to do us harm again. I would rather defeat them over there than face them here. And that's why -- (applause.)

I say that because you can't negotiate with these people. You cannot hope for the best that, oh, maybe if we don't pressure them then they'll just retreat. These are determined adversaries that have stated their ambitions. They would like to see their point of view spread as far and wide as possible. When I talk about a caliphate that stretches from Spain to Indonesia, that means that they want to impose their ideology on people.

And what would that mean? Well, I just want you to remember -- think what it would be like to be a young girl growing up in Afghanistan, when they were able to find their safe haven and impose their vision across that country. You couldn't be educated, you were forced to be a second-class citizen. If you stepped out of line, you were whipped. These people, they're smart, they're tough, and we need to be tougher every single day. The best way to protect you is to keep them on the run, is to keep the pressure on them. And that is exactly what the United States of America is doing and will continue to do, so long as I'm the President of the United States. (Applause.)

But that's not enough to defeat them. I have told the American people we're in an ideological struggle, and the best way to defeat their ideology of darkness in the long-term is with an ideology of hope. The ideology of hope is based upon the universality of liberty. I told you I believe in the universality of liberty. I don't believe there's a debate on that. I believe every man, woman and child wants to be free. And I know that free societies yield the peace we want. And therefore, the strategy is -- the short-term strategy of defeating them, is to finding them and bring them to justice. And the long-term strategy is to help others realize the blessings of liberty.

And this is a great challenge for the United States of America. It's a different kind of war. It's akin to the Cold War in some ways, where we had an ideological struggle. But in this war there's an enemy that uses asymmetrical warfare, and they're propagandists. They kill the innocent to affect the conscience of those of us who feel like we need to keep pressuring them. See, they understand when they fill our TV screens with death and misery it causes a passionate people to recoil. They know that we value human life, and therefore, when they take human life it affects how the American people feel.

And so I understand the angst amongst the American people. I know that people are weary of war. I fully understand that these hard images that these killers get on our TV screens ask people -- causes people to question whether or not the cause is worth it, and whether or not we can succeed. Well, I believe the cause is worth it. I wouldn't ask a mother's child to go into bat if I didn't think it was necessary to protect the American people to stay on the offense. And I do believe we can succeed if we don't lose our nerve. Because freedom has had the capacity over time to change enemies to allies, and to lay the foundation of peace for generations to e.

And right now what you're seeing is this global war against these extremists and radicals unfolding in two major theaters, Afghanistan, where we liberated 25 million people from the clutches of a barbaric regime that had provided safe haven for al Qaeda killers who plotted and planned and then killed 3,000 of our people, and in Iraq.

The Iraq theater has gone through several stages. The first stage was the removal of Saddam Hussein. Let me just be as blunt as I can about that. It was his choice to make as to whether or not he was able to survive in power. The free world, through the United Nations, spoke clearly to Saddam Hussein. He made the choice. We removed Saddam Hussein and the world is better off without Saddam Hussein in power. (Applause.)

And then the society which had been traumatized by his tyranny did something remarkable, and that is they went to the polls in three historic elections and voted for a modern constitution, and expressed their desire to have Iraqi-style freedom, Iraqi-style democracy. It was an amazing moment. It seems like several decades ago -- to some. But that happened in the end of .

And then this enemy -- and the enemy, by the way, is prised of people who wish they were still in power, disgruntled militia that are trying to make -- see if they can't take advantage of some chaos. But the enemy that is causing the biggest s is al Qaeda.

Now, there's a debate in Washington -- I gave a speech about this in South Carolina the other day -- well, is the al Qaeda in Iraq have anything to do with the al Qaeda that's hiding out somewhere in the regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan? There's some actually who say, well, they're different, they're not to be -- we don't need to worry about them. All they care about is Iraq. Well, I reminded the audience in that speech that the person who started al Qaeda in Iraq was not an Iraqi, he was from Jordan. And after we killed him, the next person was not from Iraq, that started al Qaeda in Iraq -- he was from Egypt.

And they have sworn allegiance to Osama bin Laden, and they agree that Iraq is the central part of this war on terror, with Osama bin Laden. And they agree with his ambition to drive us out so they could have a safe haven from which to plot further attacks. Yes, al Qaeda in Iraq is dangerous to the United States of America. They blew up the holy shrine. They saw the progress being made; they can't stand the thought of a free society that will thwart their ambitions, and they blew up the shrine.

And why did they do it? They did it because they saw that progress was being made, that the Iraqis might be actually able to have a government of, by, and for the people, and they wanted to create sectarian violence. And they were successful. In other words, there wasn't enough security at the time -- in other words, enough confidence in the security at the time amongst the Iraqi people to be able to stop people from fighting each other.

And so I had a decision to make, and I made the decision -- rather than pulling out and hoping for the best in the capital of the new democracy, recognizing that in the long run, a system based upon liberty will be a major defeat for these radical extremists, I sent more troops in. Rather than say, let's hope for the best, I said, we can do a better job of providing security to give this young government a chance to grow and thrive, and to give the people confidence in the constitution that they voted for.

And David Petraeus became a new general there on the ground -- the new general on the ground. He's an expert in counterinsurgency. The mission is to help protect Baghdad and the people inside Baghdad, and to keep relentless pressure on those extremists who are trying to stop the advance of democracy. And he's making progress. And I believe it's in the interests of this country, for our own security, for the United States Congress to fully support General Petraeus in his mission and to give him time to e back and report to the United States Congress the progress that he's making. (Applause.)

It's really interesting to watch this counterinsurgency strategy work. I mean, when people on the ground begin to have confidence, they, all of a sudden, start making good decisions for a state that will represent their interests. There is such a thing as top-down reconciliation -- that's the passage of law. And the Iraqi parliament has passed quite a few pieces of legislation, and they're working, trying to work through their differences. Sometimes legislative bodies aren't real smooth in getting out a piece of legislation in timely fashion, as some of you might recognize. But nevertheless, they're working hard to -- learning what it means to have a parliament that functions.

But there's also bottom-up reconciliation. That's when people on the ground begin to see things change, and start making decisions that will lead to peace. See, I believe most Muslim mothers, for example, want their child to grow up in peace. I believe there's something universal about motherhood. I don't think mothers in America think necessarily different from mothers in Iraq. I think the mother in Iraq says, gosh, I hope for the day when my child can go outside and play and not fear violence; I want my child to be educated; I have hopes that my child can grow up in a peaceful world. And when people begin to see that these thugs that have a dark vision begin to get defeated, people begin to change attitudes. And that's what's happened in Anbar province.

Last November, many experts said that Anbar province, which al Qaeda in Iraq has stated as their -- that they wanted as a safe haven -- this was going to be where they were going to launch their caliphate from -- they said, we can't win there. And all of a sudden, we put more Marines in, the people saw things change on the ground, local leaders started turning in al Qaeda -- they don't like to be -- people don't like to be intimidated by thugs and murderers. And the whole situation is changing -- for the better. Progress is being made there.

Now, I know that the car bombs that take place tend to cloud people's vision. What I'm telling you is that we gave David Petraeus a mission, the troops just fully got there one month ago, and he's acplishing that mission. And my point to you is, it's worth it, and necessary, because if we were to leave before the job is done, these radicals like al Qaeda would bee emboldened, there would be chaos, mass casualties in Iraq. And that chaos could spill out across the region. And if that were to happen, there would be significant petition among radical groups, whether they be Sunni or Shia, all aiming to destabilize the region in order to be able to achieve power. But they would have one thing in mon, and that would be to inflict harm on the United States of America.

It's in our interests that there be a stable government that is an ally against these extremists, not only in Iraq, but elsewhere. It's in our long-term interest for peace and security. Failure in Iraq would undermine that long-term interest. See, unlike some wars, this enemy wouldn't be content to stay in Iraq. They would follow us here. They would use the resources of Iraq to be able to acquire additional weaponry, or use economic blackmail to achieve their objectives. They're dangerous in Iraq, and they'll be dangerous here. And that is why we must defeat them in Iraq. And we can. (Applause.)

I have spent a lot of time sharing this story with people, so I'm going to share it with you. If you've heard me tell it, play like you hadn't heard it. (Laughter.) One of my close friends in the international arena over the last six-and-a-half years is Prime Minister Koizumi of Japan. He was such a close friend that Laura and I took him down to Elvis's place -- (laughter) -- which was really fun. I'm also a close friend of his successor, Prime Minister Abe.

The reason I bring this up is that, as you know -- or may not know -- my dad, professionally known as 41, fought the Japanese. As a young kid, he got out of high school, went down and trained in Corpus -- part of his training mission -- and then fought the Japanese as the sworn enemy of the United States of America. I'm sure some of your relatives did the same thing.

And yet, here, some 60-odd years later, his son is sitting down at the table with the head of the former enemy, talking about keeping the peace. We were talking about, when I was visiting with Prime Minister Koizumi, and now his successor, the fact that it's important to help these young democracies survive in the face of this radicalism and extremism that can affect our homelands. See, we share this great -- same philosophical belief that liberty can prevail, and that we have a duty to help liberty to prevail if we want there to be security.

I've always found that to be very interesting: My dad fought the Japanese, and the son, one lifetime later, is talking about keeping the peace. We talk about Afghanistan and helping that young democracy. Of course, we talk about North Korea, to make sure that we deal with any weapons proliferation that might be happening. We talk about a lot of issues, but they're issues about peace. Something happened between the 18-year-old kid who joined up to be in the Navy, and the 60-year-old son being the President. And what happened is, is that liberty has got the capacity to convert an enemy into an ally.

I don't know how many people would have been predicting in 1947 or '48, or after the peace treaty was signed when President Truman was the President, that there would be this kind of acmodation made between two former enemies for the sake of peace. I'm not sure how many would have -- particularly right after World War II. I suspect a lot of people would say this never would have happened. They were the enemy then, they'll be the enemy now.

And the reason I tell you this story is that if you really look at history, you'll find examples where liberty has transformed regions that were warlike, where a lot of people died, into regions of peace. And that's going to happen again, so long as we have faith in that fundamental principle; so long as we don't lose our confidence in certain values -- that are not American values, but they're universal values.

I believe the most important priority of our government is to protect the American people from further harm. And you just need to be reassured, and so do your constituents, that a lot of good people are spending every hour of every day doing just that. But I would remind you, in the long run, the best way for your children and grandchildren to be able to say that when given a tough task, this generation didn't flinch, and had certain faith -- had faith in certain values -- is that we stay strong when it es to liberty as a transformative agent to bring the peace we want.

Thanks for letting me e. God bless. (Applause.)

END 9:57 A.M. EDT


2013年6月5日星期三

翻譯:英語範文:若何对待運動員下薪現象

[範文],韓文翻譯
Salaries should reflect people’s dedication and job responsibilities. However, sports figures, who don’t benefit the munity in general, earn millions of dollars each. In my opinion this is wrong. Things should be done to change this situation.

If we take the example of a sport star such as Tyson, it is hard for us to say in what way he benefits the society. In fact, his disobeying game rules sets a bad example for young people, and his abandoned behavior encourages people to experiment with sex and violence. Besides, his job does not require special skills or years of training and education. Although he can entertain and excite audience, I do not think he is justified to receive so much money and his job can be considered essential.

On the other hand, most people in ‘ordinary’ professions like nurses, doctors and teachers earn only a small fraction of the ine of these “stars”. However, if we give a careful look at these professions, we will find that they not only require special skills and years of education but also help the people and the whole society. For instance, teachers disseminate knowledge to the society; doctors and nurses give patients good medical care and prolong their life. They are much more useful, and actually more essential to society than sports personalities,五姊妹翻譯社. Without these ‘ordinary’ professions, our society would stop progressing. Their salaries should relate to skill, education or the value of the individual to society.

Things should be done to make salaries fairer. Huge amounts of money shall be given to more deserving people. It seems that the only solution is to impose heavy taxes upon people who earn excessively high salaries. (281 words)